The theory of multiple intelligences, proposed by Harvard psychologist Howard Gardner in 1983, holds that human intelligence is a bundle of relatively independent abilities rather
Proposed by educational psychologist David Ausubel, an advance organizer is a broad, general idea presented before new material so it can connect to what learners already know. Thi
A growth mindset is the belief that intelligence and talent can grow through effort, good strategies and help from others. We look at how it differs from a fixed mindset, the prais
Formative assessment checks what students know and don't know while learning is still underway, and uses the results to improve both teaching and learning. We look at where the ter
Transfer of learning is the way earlier knowledge or skills affect learning and problem solving in new situations. This piece covers the concept and its origins, the main types of
The Socratic Method is a way of teaching through repeated questions so learners find gaps in their own thinking and reach conclusions themselves. This piece covers its origins in S
The jigsaw classroom is a cooperative learning method in which each student masters one piece of the material and teaches it to the group. This piece covers Elliot Aronson’s 1971 c
Dual Coding Theory holds that the mind has separate verbal and nonverbal systems, and that linking words with pictures helps us understand better and remember longer. This piece co
Why did students tutored one-to-one outscore 98% of an ordinary class? This piece explains Bloom’s 2 sigma problem: the three teaching methods Bloom compared in 1984, what standard
Why does learning stall when there is too much to hold in mind at once? This article covers the origins of cognitive load theory and the limits of working memory, the three types o
Why do we learn better ourselves when we try to teach others? This article explains the origins of the protégé effect, the Betty's Brain experiment, why preparing to teach deepens
Why is what we learn easily so easily forgotten? This article explains desirable difficulty, as described by Robert Bjork, covering its meaning and origins, learning methods such a