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48 articles found

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Information technology

When Clocks Jump Back to 1901: The Year 2038 Problem

What is the Year 2038 problem? It is the glitch in which computers that store Unix time in 32 bits mistake moments after January 19, 2038, for 1901. This article covers how it work

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Bugs Reveal Themselves When You Talk: Rubber Duck Debugging

Rubber duck debugging is a debugging method in which you find problems by explaining your code, line by line and out loud, to a rubber duck on your desk. This article covers where

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Less Power as They Shrank: Dennard Scaling

Dennard scaling is the semiconductor scaling rule that if transistors are made smaller while voltage is lowered by the same ratio, the power used by a given area of a chip stays th

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Clever Code Is Hard to Fix: Kernighan's Law

Kernighan's Law says that debugging is twice as hard as writing code, so code written as cleverly as possible can't be debugged by its own author. We look at where the line came fr

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Start Small to Run Big: Gall's Law

Gall's Law says that a complex system that works has always evolved from a simple system that worked. We look at where it came from, what its three sentences mean, real examples, a

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Slowing Down Faster Than Hardware Speeds Up: Wirth’s Law

Wirth’s Law is the rule of thumb that software gets slower faster than hardware gets faster. This piece covers where it came from, why software keeps getting heavier, examples arou

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Just Keep the Key Secret: Kerckhoffs's Principle

Kerckhoffs's Principle holds that a cryptographic system should stay secure even if everything except the key is known. This piece covers Auguste Kerckhoffs's 1883 “La Cryptographi

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Many Eyes Make Bugs Visible: Linus’s Law

Linus’s Law says that given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow. This piece covers its origin in Eric Raymond’s The Cathedral and the Bazaar, why many eyes help find bugs, the li

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Strict When Sending, Lenient When Receiving: Postel's Law

How did the early internet keep working despite small differences between implementations? This article covers where Postel's Law (the Robustness Principle) came from, why it matte

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Systems Mirror Their Organizations: Conway's Law

Why does an organization's communication structure come to resemble its software structure? This article explains the origin and logic of Conway's law, real-world examples, and the