Statistics
The Illusion That Comes After Choosing: Berkson's Paradox
Berkson's Paradox is the phenomenon in which a false inverse relationship appears between two unrelated traits when you look only at a group filtered by some criterion. This piece
Statistics
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Statistics
The Four Types of Measurement Scales Made Easy: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio Scales
A scale assigns numbers to the attributes of people or objects so they can be expressed statistically. This article explains the four types of scales widely used in sociology, psyc
Statistics
The Last One Is Always the Hardest: The Coupon Collector’s Problem
The coupon collector’s problem asks how many random draws it takes, on average, to collect every type at least once. Learn how the average is calculated, what the numbers look like
Statistics
Understanding the Essence and Practical Meaning of Interpreting Significance
Significance plays an important role in data analysis and the interpretation of results, and it is a concept that directly affects the reliability and validity of research. This ar
Statistics
Same Numbers, Different Pictures: Anscombe’s Quartet
Anscombe’s Quartet is a set of four datasets whose summary statistics are nearly identical but whose graphs look completely different. This piece covers how it came about, the trap
Statistics
The Greatest Theorem in Statistics: The Central Limit Theorem (CLT)
The data in the real world we live in are never neatly organized. Some data are skewed to one side, some have multiple peaks, and others are scattered irregularly without any patte
Statistics
Inferential Statistics: Concepts and Essential Analytical Techniques
Inferential statistics is a methodology that plays a very important role in analyzing and interpreting data. It is a statistical technique that uses sample data to draw conclusions
Statistics
Torture the Numbers and They Will Confess: P-hacking
P-hacking is the practice of analysing data in different ways until a “statistically significant” result appears. We look at what p-values mean, the common ways p-hacking happens,
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Understanding Probability Distributions and Practical Methods of Analysis
Probability distributions are a core concept in statistics and data science. This article covers their basic concepts and history, the main types and their characteristics, their m
Statistics
How Often Do Rare Events Happen: Poisson Distribution
Why do call-center phones arrive in uneven bursts even when the average is steady? This article walks through the Poisson distribution—from its single-parameter formula and conditi
Statistics
Counting the Whole from a Few Serial Numbers: The German Tank Problem
The German tank problem asks how to estimate the total number of sequentially numbered items from the serial numbers of just a few. We look at how the Allies used captured tank ser
Statistics
An Easy Guide to Understanding Reliability and Validity
Reliability and validity always come up when studying surveys in statistics, marketing, or opinion polling. This guide uses two illustrated examples, shooting and makeup, to make t