Earth science
When the Whole Planet Froze Over: Snowball Earth
Snowball Earth is the hypothesis that Earth’s surface was once almost entirely covered in ice during the Cryogenian Period. This article explains how the idea arose, the ice-albedo
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Chemistry
A Solid That Vanishes Without Melting: Sublimation
Sublimation is the process in which a solid turns directly into a gas without passing through the liquid state. This article covers the principle and conditions behind it, everyday
Food & nutrition
Why Egg Whites Turn White and Firm: Protein Denaturation
Protein denaturation is the unraveling of a protein’s carefully folded three-dimensional structure by heat, acid, or physical force, while its amino acid sequence stays intact. Thi
Library & information science
Research That Wakes After a Long Sleep: Sleeping Beauties in Science
A “Sleeping Beauty in Science” is a paper that goes almost uncited for years after publication and then suddenly draws a surge of citations. This article covers what the term means
Chemistry
Why Ice Forms Later: Freezing Point Depression
Freezing point depression is the lowering of a liquid’s freezing temperature when other substances are dissolved in it. We look at why dissolved particles slow ice formation, why t
Chemistry
Twin Atoms with Different Weights: Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that differ in weight because they have different numbers of neutrons. We look at atomic structure, stable and radioactive isotopes, how carb
Chemistry
Separating by Differences in Boiling Point: Distillation
Distillation heats a liquid mixture, sends the more volatile components off as vapor first, then cools that vapor back into liquid to separate what was mixed. We look at its histor
Food & nutrition
The Science of Sugar Turning Brown: Caramelization
Caramelization is the reaction in which sugar, heated to high temperatures, breaks down and recombines into brown compounds and aroma molecules. We look at how it works, the temper
Chemistry
The Reaction That Slowly Eats Away at Iron: Corrosion
Corrosion is the process by which a metal reacts chemically with its surroundings, loses its original properties, and breaks down. This piece covers how iron rusts, what happens wh
Food & nutrition
How Are Food Calories Determined? The Atwater General Factor System
The Atwater general factor system estimates a food’s energy by multiplying each nutrient by a fixed value, such as 4kcal per gram for carbohydrate and protein and 9kcal per gram fo
Chemistry
Light That Blooms Without a Flame: Chemiluminescence
Chemiluminescence is the phenomenon in which energy released by a chemical reaction comes out as light instead of heat. This piece covers how excited molecules produce this ‘cold l
Chemistry
Chemistry’s Bundle for Counting Atoms: Avogadro’s Number
Avogadro’s number is the number of particles in one mole of a substance, about 6.02 × 10²³. This piece explains what it means, ways to grasp its size, how Avogadro, Cannizzaro, Los