Earth science
When the Whole Planet Froze Over: Snowball Earth
Snowball Earth is the hypothesis that Earth’s surface was once almost entirely covered in ice during the Cryogenian Period. This article explains how the idea arose, the ice-albedo
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810 articles found
Education
Finding the Way While Learning: Formative Assessment
Formative assessment checks what students know and don't know while learning is still underway, and uses the results to improve both teaching and learning. We look at where the ter
Physics
Water Droplets Floating on Vapor: The Leidenfrost Effect
Why does a drop of water skate across a very hot pan and last longer than on a merely warm one? This article explains the Leidenfrost effect, from the vapor cushion that lifts the
Earth science
Understanding Natural Disasters: How Do Landslides Occur?
Natural disasters can cause enormous harm to human lives and property, and landslides pose a particularly serious risk among them. Because landslides occur alongside sudden changes
Social welfare
What You Can Do Matters More Than What You Have: The Capability Approach
Two people with the same income can lead very different lives. This article explains the capability approach of Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum, from functionings and capabilities
Chemistry
Oil That Washes Away Oil: Saponification
Saponification is the chemical reaction in which fats and oils react with an alkali to become soap and glycerol. This article covers how the reaction works, why soap removes grease
Education
Awakened by Questions: The Socratic Method
The Socratic Method is a way of teaching through repeated questions so learners find gaps in their own thinking and reach conclusions themselves. This piece covers its origins in S
Physics
Superconductors Open New Horizons in Technology
Superconductors are materials whose electrical resistance becomes 0, meaning that current can flow without energy loss. Thanks to this property, superconductors offer possibilities
Logistics
The Best Route for Many Trucks: The Vehicle Routing Problem
The vehicle routing problem asks how several vehicles starting from one depot should split up their customers to keep total cost as low as possible. This article covers its basic s
Library & information science
The Family Tree of Research Papers: Citation Indexes
How do you find the studies that have cited a paper you are reading? This article explains how Eugene Garfield's citation index came about and what it is, how to search backward an
Economics
The Numbers Went Up but Life Got Tighter: Money Illusion
Money illusion is the mistake of judging gains and losses by the face value of money rather than its real purchasing power. This article covers nominal versus real value, the famou
Film & media
Movement Traced from Live Action: Rotoscoping
Rotoscoping is a technique in which live-action footage is projected one frame at a time and traced over to create realistic movement. We look at how it was invented, how it works,