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Chemistry

Same Heat Either Way: Hess's Law

Whether a chemical reaction takes one step or many, the total heat is the same if the start and finish match. This article covers who Hess was, why the law holds, how to calculate

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Information technology

Clever Code Is Hard to Fix: Kernighan's Law

Kernighan's Law says that debugging is twice as hard as writing code, so code written as cleverly as possible can't be debugged by its own author. We look at where the line came fr

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Statistics

Twenty-Three People Are Enough: The Birthday Paradox

Why is it so likely that two people in a small group share a birthday? This article covers the birthday paradox, the two keys to calculating it, why our intuition misses it, and ho

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Logistics

Handing Over Logistics Entirely: Third-Party Logistics

Third-party logistics (3PL) means entrusting part or all of a company's logistics to an unaffiliated outside specialist under a long-term contract. This article covers what 3PL mea

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Education

Finding the Way While Learning: Formative Assessment

Formative assessment checks what students know and don't know while learning is still underway, and uses the results to improve both teaching and learning. We look at where the ter

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Library & information science

The Words We Use Most Are Always Few: Zipf's Law

Why do a handful of words appear on every page while most words show up only once or twice? This article covers how Zipf's Law became known, the inverse relationship between rank a

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Earth science

An Invisible Lid Over the Sky: Temperature Inversion

Why does a layer of air form that gets warmer, not colder, with height? This article explains how temperature inversions form and their types, their effects on fine dust, fog, and

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Chemistry

The Principles of Thermodynamics and Energy Flow

Thermodynamics is an important discipline that explains the interaction between energy and matter. This article explores its key concepts, from basic theory to state and path funct