Earth science
When the Whole Planet Froze Over: Snowball Earth
Snowball Earth is the hypothesis that Earth’s surface was once almost entirely covered in ice during the Cryogenian Period. This article explains how the idea arose, the ice-albedo
Earth science
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Earth science
Cold Seawater Rises from the Deep: Upwelling
Upwelling is the process in which cold, nutrient-rich water from the deep rises to fill the gap left when wind pushes surface water away. We look at how it works, where it happens,
Earth science
When Volcanoes Block the Sun: Volcanic Winter
A volcanic winter is a drop in global temperatures lasting several years after a huge, sulfur-rich eruption spreads tiny sulfuric acid droplets through the stratosphere and blocks
Earth science
The Whole Sea Comes Rushing In: Tsunami
A tsunami is a series of giant, very long waves created when a huge volume of seawater is displaced at once by an undersea earthquake, landslide, or volcanic eruption. This piece c
Earth science
Why Cities Run Hotter: The Urban Heat Island
An urban heat island is when a city runs warmer than the countryside around it. This piece covers Luke Howard’s early records in London, why pavement and buildings trap heat, how t
Earth science
An Invisible Lid Over the Sky: Temperature Inversion
Why does a layer of air form that gets warmer, not colder, with height? This article explains how temperature inversions form and their types, their effects on fine dust, fog, and
Earth science
When the Ground Flows Like Water: Soil Liquefaction
Why does solid ground turn soft and flow like water during an earthquake? This article explains soil liquefaction, in which water-saturated sandy ground behaves like a liquid, cove
Earth science
The Rhythm of the Ice Ages: Milankovitch Cycles
Why has Earth swung back and forth between glacial and interglacial periods? This article explains the Milankovitch cycles, the slow but regular changes in Earth's orbit and axis:
Earth science
The Force That Pushes Continents: Plate Tectonics
Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth’s outer shell is divided into rigid plates that move over a weaker layer, causing earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain ranges. This article
Earth science
The Formation and Roles of Dew and the Principles of Change in Nature
Dew consists of tiny water droplets commonly seen in nature, but its formation and roles are highly complex and have important significance. Dew forms when water vapor in the atmos
Earth science
Convection: The Hidden Science That Drives Everyday Life and Climate
An exploration of convection: its basic principles and definition, the different forms convection takes on Earth, how it shapes climate and weather, and how it is applied in everyd
Earth science
The Science of Clouds: Reading the Signals in the Sky
Clouds are a familiar sight, yet few people understand how they form, what kinds there are, and what each one tells us. This article explains the principles of cloud formation, the