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General knowledge

The Research Process in the Social Sciences (Procedures)

This time, I would like to put together material on the process through which research in the social sciences is conducted. Unlike natural science research, which studies matter th

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Earth science

Why Cities Run Hotter: The Urban Heat Island

An urban heat island is when a city runs warmer than the countryside around it. This piece covers Luke Howard’s early records in London, why pavement and buildings trap heat, how t

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Information technology

Same Result Even If You Press Twice: Idempotence

Why is pressing an elevator button twice safe, while double-clicking a payment button feels risky? This article explains idempotence—from its mathematical name to everyday buttons,

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Chemistry

The Principles of Thermodynamics and Energy Flow

Thermodynamics is an important discipline that explains the interaction between energy and matter. This article explores its key concepts, from basic theory to state and path funct