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810 articles found
Food & nutrition
Dieting is considered an important issue for many people today, and various methods have been proposed for losing weight and maintaining health. However, improper dieting methods n
Education
Formative assessment checks what students know and don't know while learning is still underway, and uses the results to improve both teaching and learning. We look at where the ter
Psychology
Praise is an essential element of human relationships and plays an important role in shaping individual self-esteem and social relationships. Praise means more than simple encourag
Chemistry
Sublimation is the process in which a solid turns directly into a gas without passing through the liquid state. This article covers the principle and conditions behind it, everyday
Chemistry
A flame test identifies metal elements by the unique color of light they emit in a flame. This piece covers how the colors arise, Bunsen and Kirchhoff’s spectroscopy, fireworks, an
Statistics
Why do conclusions drawn only from what survived so often mislead us? This article explains survivorship bias: what it is and how it arises, the story of the World War II bombers,
Statistics
The normal distribution plays a central role in statistics and data analysis. This article covers its basic concepts and characteristics, its mathematical definition and properties
Information technology
Kerckhoffs's Principle holds that a cryptographic system should stay secure even if everything except the key is known. This piece covers Auguste Kerckhoffs's 1883 “La Cryptographi
Food & nutrition
Enzymatic browning is the reaction in which enzymes in fruits and vegetables use oxygen to oxidize phenolic compounds into brown pigments. This piece covers how polyphenol oxidase
Physics
Why do tiny particles in water never stop jiggling? This article explains Brownian motion, first observed by Robert Brown, the principle Einstein uncovered behind it, Perrin's expe
Earth science
Why does solid ground turn soft and flow like water during an earthquake? This article explains soil liquefaction, in which water-saturated sandy ground behaves like a liquid, cove
Economics
The Laffer Curve is a hill-shaped graph showing that tax revenue is zero at both a 0% and a 100% tax rate, so some rate in between brings in the most. This article covers its napki
